Which of the following statements are true about AI workloads and adaptive routing?

AI workloads, particularly in large-scale training scenarios, are characterized by a small number of high-bandwidth, long-lived flows known as "elephant flows." These flows can dominate network traffic and are prone to causing congestion if not managed effectively.​

Traditional flow-based load balancing mechanisms, such as Equal-Cost Multipath (ECMP), distribute traffic based on flow hashes. However, in AI workloads with lowentropy (i.e., limited variability in flow characteristics), ECMP can lead to uneven traffic distribution and congestion on certain paths.​

Adaptive routing techniques, which dynamically adjust paths based on real-time network conditions, are more effective in managing AI traffic patterns and mitigating congestion risks.​