Which of the following techniques can detect and diagnose battery thermal runaway risks?

The exact extract asks which technique can detect and diagnose battery thermal runaway risks. The correct answer is D. Cloud BMS+intelligent internal short circuit detection. Thermal runaway is normally caused by cell-level abuse, internal short circuit, overtemperature, overcharge, or progressive battery degradation. A normal rack controller, battery pack optimizer, or string PCS contributes to system operation and protection, but the specific risk-detection and diagnosis mechanism in the answer choices is Cloud BMS combined with intelligent internal short-circuit detection. Huawei’s battery safety materials emphasize intelligent sensing, real-time detection, early warning, and Cloud BMS-based analysis to identify internal short-circuit and thermal-risk conditions before escalation. Huawei also describes real-time battery-cell detection and rapid shutdown of short-circuit battery packs to prevent thermal runaway. Therefore, the correct option is the one that explicitly combines Cloud BMS analytics with intelligent short-circuit diagnosis. References: Huawei AI BMS and Smart String ESS safety documents.