Hard Research generally consists of two areas, namely Technology Research & Development and Intellectual Property...

GInI’sCInP Handbookdefines "Hard Research" as technical, innovation-focused investigation, comprising "Technology Research & Development" (exploring new tech applications) and "Intellectual Property Research" (assessing patents, IP opportunities). These areas support innovation by advancing capabilities and protecting assets, aligning with GInI’s emphasis on tangible outcomes. Option A, "Theoretical Science and Journal Publication," is academic, not applied. Option B, "Scientific Discovery and Engineering Design," is broader and less specific to GInI’s focus. Option D, "Psychology R&D and Real Property Research," is unrelated—psychology might inform behavior, but real property is off-topic. Option C matches GInI’s exact terminology, aligning with the original answer, reflecting a practical, business-oriented approach to leveraging technology and IP for competitive advantage—a strategic pillar of GInI’s innovation ecosystem.