ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) scores used to construct ESG index benchmarks can be based on both raw data and ratings derived from various data points and methodologies. The following references from ESG and sustainable investing documents validate this:
Data-based Approach:
ESG ratings incorporate vast amounts of raw data. For instance, MSCI ESG Research collects over 1,000 data points related to ESG policies, programs, and performance, including data on individual directors and shareholder meeting results spanning up to 20 years.
This raw data is sourced from a variety of inputs including company disclosures (e.g., sustainability reports, 10-K filings), government databases, and over 3,400 media sources that are monitored daily.
Rating-based Approach:
ESG ratings are not just aggregations of raw data but involve sophisticated methodologies to convert this data into actionable insights. MSCI ESG Ratings, for example, are assigned on a scale from AAA to CCC, reflecting the relative ESG performance of companies within their industry.
The process includes assessing exposure metrics (how exposed a company is to material ESG issues), management metrics (how well a company manages these issues), and continuously monitoring controversies and events that may impact these ratings.
ESG ratings also involve setting key issue scores and weights, which combine to form an overall ESG rating relative to industry peers. This integration of various data points and weighted scoring systems exemplifies the rating-based nature of ESG benchmarks.
By combining both these approaches, ESG index benchmarks ensure a comprehensive assessment of a company's sustainability performance. The data-based aspect ensures that decisions are grounded in factual, quantitative information, while the rating-based aspect provides a nuanced, comparative evaluation of ESG risks and opportunities across companies and industries.
These detailed methodologies align with the CFA ESG Investing standards, which emphasize the importance of integrating both quantitative data and qualitative assessments in ESG evaluations.
CFA ESG Investing References:
The CFA Institute’s curriculum on ESG Investing highlights the need for both data-based and rating-based approaches in constructing ESG benchmarks. The CFA ESG Investing Exam Preparation materials emphasize understanding various ESG data sources, metrics, and the methodologies for aggregating these into ratings to provide a comprehensive view of a company's ESG performance.
This integrated approach ensures that ES
