A penetration tester is performing a network security assessment.

An on-path attack (previously known as MITM – Man-in-the-Middle) allows an attacker to intercept and modify communication between two parties.

ARP poisoning (Option B):

Attackers send fake ARP replies to associate their MAC address with the IP address of a legitimate device (e.g., gateway).

This forces traffic to flow through the attacker's system, enabling packet capture and manipulation.

Tools like Ettercap, Bettercap, and ARP spoofing scripts are commonly used.