Binary to Decimal:
10011101
= 1×2^7 + 0×2^6 + 0×2^5 + 1×2^4 + 1×2^3 + 1×2^2 + 0×2^1 + 1×2^0
= 128 + 0 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1
= 157
Decimal to Hexadecimal:
157 ÷ 16 = 9 remainder 13 → 13 = D
So, 157 = 0x9D
MTCNA Course Material – Binary and Hex Conversion:
“Convert binary to decimal by summing powers of 2. Then convert decimal to hexadecimal by dividing by 16.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Number Systems:
“For binary 10011101, the decimal is 157, and hex is 9D.”
Only Option B is correct: 157, 0x9D.
Final Answer: BQUESTION NO: 110 [RouterOS Introduction]
If you use either Telnet or FTP, which is the highest layer you are using to transmit data?
A. Application
B. Presentation
C. Session
D. Transport
Answer: A
Protocols like Telnet and FTP are considered Application Layer protocols in the OSI model. They operate at Layer 7, providing interfaces for user-level interaction and command control.
MTCNA Course Material – TCP/IP vs OSI Model:
“Telnet, FTP, HTTP are Application Layer protocols. They operate at the top of the OSI stack (Layer 7).”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Protocol Layers:
“Telnet and FTP reside at the Application Layer. They initiate data exchange between hosts.”
Presentation and Session layers are not separately used in the TCP/IP model and are merged into the Application Layer.
Transport (Layer 4) is used by these protocols (via TCP), but the protocol itself resides at the Application Layer.
Final Answer: AQUESTION NO: 111 [RouterOS Introduction – IP Addressing]
Which class of IP address provides a maximum of only 254 host addresses per network ID?
A. Class A
B. Class B
C. Class C
D. Class D
Answer: C
Class C networks are defined as IP addresses with the first octet in the range of 192 to 223. Their default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 (/24), which provides:
2^8 = 256 total addresses
Minus 2 (1 for network address, 1 for broadcast)
→ 254 usable host addresses
MTCNA Course Material – IP Address Classes:
“Class C has a default mask of /24. This allows for 254 hosts per network.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – IP Classes:
“Class C = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255, 254 usable hosts per subnet.”
Other classes:
Class A: ~16 million hosts
Class B: ~65,000 hosts
Class D: used for multicast (not host assignment)
Final Answer: CQUESTION NO: 112 [RouterOS Introduction – Protocols]
Which of the following services use UDP?
A. 1, 3 and 6
B. 2 and 4
C. 1, 2 and 4
D. All of the above
Answer: A
UDP is a connectionless protocol used by several lightweight or stateless network services. Among the listed services:
DHCP: Uses UDP (Ports 67 and 68)
SNMP: Uses UDP (Ports 161/162)
TFTP: Uses UDP (Port 69)
Other protocols:
MTCNA Course Material – Protocols and Ports:
“UDP is used for DHCP, SNMP, TFTP. TCP is used for SMTP, FTP, HTTP.”
René Meneses MTCNA Study Guide – Port Assignments:
“TCP: FTP, SMTP, HTTP. UDP: DHCP, SNMP, TFTP.”
Only 1, 3, and 6 use UDP.
