Which of the following is not considered to be an alternative form of dispute resolution?

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms are encouraged in procurement as they save time, reduce costs, and preserve business relationships. The key ADR methods listed in the L5M5 study guide (p.188) include mediation, adjudication, and conciliation. These methods are designed as alternatives to litigation, which involves courts, legal judgments, and lengthy processes. Litigation is not an ADR method; it is the traditional approach, often more adversarial and costly. Procurement professionals are encouraged to adopt ADR whenever possible, as it helps maintain collaborative supplier relationships while resolving conflicts effectively.

???? Reference: Managing Ethical Procurement and Supply (L5M5) Study Guide, new edition p.188