What is one of the primary causes of cyber-related production losses in process control systems?

Malware incidents are cited in ISA/IEC 62443 documentation and industry case studies as one of the primary causes of cyber-related production losses in process control environments. Such incidents can result in equipment shutdowns, process interruptions, and loss of visibility or control, leading directly to financial and operational impacts. While human error and hardware failure are also causes of downtime, in the context of “cyber-related” incidents, malware is the main contributor.