PQR, Inc.

In a highly competitive market like office supplies, the most critical cost associated with shortag-es is typically lost sales. If PQR, Inc. experiences shipping delays and cannot maintain continuous inventory, customers are likely to turn to competitors to meet their needs. This can result in im-mediate lost sales and potentially long-term loss of customer loyalty. The cost of lost sales often outweighs other costs like idle workers or production downtime because it directly affects revenue and market share. References:

•Chopra, S., & Meindl, P. (2015). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Op-eration. Pearson.

•Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics & Supply Chain Management. Pearson UK.