Which of the following would present the most critical external risk to an organization?

Broad legislative reforms present the most critical external risk to an organization because they can fundamentally change the regulatory environment in which the organization operates. Such changes can impact compliance requirements, operational processes, and strategic planning. The organization must quickly adapt to remain compliant and avoid penalties or legal issues. This type of risk is external and largely uncontrollable, making it particularly critical compared to internal changes or new market entries.

Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards), Standard 2120 – Risk Management.