Which of the following techniques can be used to determine the network ranges of any...

Whois queries are used to determine the IP address ranges associated with clients. A whois query can be run on most UNIX environments. In a Windows environment, the tools such as WsPingPro and Sam Spade can be used to perform whois queries. Whois queries can also be executed over the Web from www.arin.net and www.networksolutions.com. Answer: B is incorrect. A SQL injection attack is a process in which an attacker tries to execute unauthorized SQL statements. These statements can be used to delete data from a database, delete database objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, etc. An attacker can either directly enter the code into input variables or insert malicious code in strings that can be stored in a database. For example, the following line of code illustrates one form of SQL injection attack: query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + userName + "';" This SQL code is designed to fetch the records of any specified username from its table of users. However, if the "userName" variable is crafted in a specific way by a malicious hacker, the SQL statement may do more than the code author intended. For example, if the attacker puts the "userName" value as ' or ''=', the SQL statement will now be as follows: SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR ''=''; Answer: D is incorrect. Web ripping is a technique in which the attacker copies the whole structure of a Web site to the local disk and obtains all files of the Web site. Web ripping helps an attacker to trace the loopholes of the Web site. Answer: C is incorrect. Snooping is an activity of observing the content that appears on a computer monitor or watching what a user is typing. Snooping also occurs by using software programs to remotely monitor activity on a computer or network device. Hackers or attackers use snooping techniques and equipment such as keyloggers to monitor keystrokes, capture passwords and login information, and to intercept e-mail and other private communications. Sometimes, organizations also snoop their employees legitimately to monitor their use of organizations' computers and track Internet usage.