Which of the following best describes ‘Processing’?

According to the DSCI Privacy Framework and international standards like GDPR and APEC:

“Processing” refers to any operation or set of operations performed on personal data, whether or not by automated means. This includes:

Collection, recording, organization, structuring

Storage, adaptation or alteration

Retrieval, consultation, use

Disclosure by transmission, dissemination

Alignment, combination, restriction, erasure or destruction

Hence, “processing” is indeed a blanket term encompassing a broad spectrum of actions involving personal data.

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