Which of the following methods is an example of dynamic analysis?

Dynamic analysis involves testing and evaluation of a program by executing data in real-time. Piloting, in this context, refers to a technique where the system is used in a controlled environment to evaluate its performance and functionality under actual operating conditions. This falls under dynamic analysis because it involves running the software to check for issues, as opposed to static analysis methods which involve code review without execution.

Peer reviews and quality gates are static analysis techniques, where the code is inspected without execution. Mathematical proofs are formal methods that also fall under static analysis.