Which type of database combines related records and fields into a logical tree structure?

A hierarchical database organizes data in a tree-like structure where each parent record can have multiple child records, but each child has only one parent. This model resembles a file system hierarchy and is designed to represent one-to-many relationships efficiently.

Hierarchical databases were among the earliest database models and are still used in specific environments such as legacy systems and mainframe applications. Data access is fast when the hierarchy is well understood, but the model lacks flexibility when relationships become complex.

Relational databases use tables with rows and columns, object-oriented databases store objects, and network databases allow many-to-many relationships. Only the hierarchical model strictly enforces a tree structure.

Understanding database models is important for security professionals when evaluating access control, data exposure, and system design risks.