When large or complex projects are separated into distinct phases or subprojects, all of the...

According to the PMBOK® Guide, when a project is divided into phases (such as design, build, and test), the five Project Management Process Groups—Initiating, Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing—are repeated for each phase.

Phase-Based Management: For a large or complex project, a single pass through the process groups is often insufficient. To maintain control, each phase is treated as a mini-project.

The Cycle of Groups:

Initiating: Occurs at the start of each phase to validate the business case and authorize the phase work.

Planning: High-level planning is refined into detailed plans for the specific work of that phase.

Executing: The actual work of the phase is carried out.

Monitoring and Controlling: Progress is tracked against the phase-specific baseline.

Closing: The phase is formally closed, and deliverables are handed off to the next phase or the customer.

Phase Gates: The transition between these repeated cycles is often marked by a " Phase Gate " or " Kill Point, " where the project ' s performance and continued linkage to strategic objectives are reviewed before the next phase ' s Initiating process begins.

Comparison with Other Options:

Divided among each of the phases (A): This is incorrect because you cannot have a phase that only has " Executing " without " Planning " or " Closing. " All groups are necessary for every phase.

Linked to specific phases (C): While process groups are active within phases, they are not merely " linked " to them; they are the functional engine that drives the completion of each phase.

Integrated for specific phases (D): " Integration " is a knowledge area, not a method of applying process groups to phases. While integration occurs throughout, the standardized application is the repetition of the full cycle.