Salt is a cryptographically secure random string that is added to a password before it...

Salting is a security technique used in password hashing to enhance protection against specific types of attacks. A salt is a random value added to a password before hashing, ensuring that even if two users have the same password, their hashed outputs will differ. The primary objective of salting is to defend against dictionary attacks and rainbow table attacks. Dictionary attacks involve trying common passwords from a precomputed list, while rainbow table attacks use precomputed tables of hash values to reverse-engineer passwords quickly. By adding a unique salt to each password, the hash becomes unique, rendering precomputed rainbow tables ineffective, as an attacker would need to generate a new table for each salt, which is computationally impractical.

Option B ("To slow down the hash calculation process") is incorrect because while techniques like key stretching (e.g., using PBKDF2 or bcrypt) intentionally slow hashing to counter brute-force attacks, salting itself does not primarily aim to slow the process—it focuses on uniqueness. Option C ("To generate a long password hash that is difficult to crack") is a byproduct of salting but not the primary objective; the length and difficulty come from the hash function and salt combination, not salting alone. Option D ("To add a secret message to the password hash") is incorrect, as a salt is not a secret message but a random value, often stored alongside the hash. This aligns with best practices in authentication security, a key component of the CAP syllabus.

References: SecOps Group CAP Documents - "Secure Coding Practices," "Authentication Security," and "Cryptographic Techniques" sections.