An adjustment in pay based on economic changes in a geographical location is commonly described...

 Definition of Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA):

A COLA is a pay adjustment made to account for changes in the cost of living, often tied to inflation or geographic economic differences.

These adjustments ensure that employees' purchasing power remains stable in areas with varying living costs.

 Why COLA is Correct:

It is specifically designed to address economic changes in geographic locations, such as increases in housing, transportation, and utility costs.

 Eliminating Incorrect Options:

A. Market adjustment: Adjusts pay to align with external labor market trends, not economic conditions.

C. Travel allowance: Refers to reimbursements for travel-related expenses.

D. Hardship allowance: Applies to employees working in challenging or remote locations.

 International HR References:

ILO Guidelines on Wage Adjustments: Supports cost-of-living adjustments for fair compensation.