In this attack, a victim receives an e-mail claiming to be from PayPal stating that...

This is a classic phishing scam — a form of social engineering used to trick victims into giving up sensitive information.

Statement D is incorrect because:

Antivirus, anti-spyware, and firewalls are primarily designed to stop malware and network intrusions.

They cannot reliably detect social engineering attacks like phishing emails, especially if the email content appears legitimate.

Detection of phishing is more reliant on user awareness and email filtering policies.

From CEH v13 Courseware:

Module 7: Social Engineering

Module 5: Email Security

CEH v13 Study Guide states:

“Phishing attacks are psychological rather than purely technical. Antivirus tools cannot detect or prevent all phishing attempts because these are based on user manipulation rather than system compromise.”