Which of the following has been used to evade IDS and IPS?

Fragmentation is a technique used by attackers to evade detection by Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). By breaking down packets into smaller fragments, attackers can make it more difficult for these security systems to detect malicious payloads or signature-based patterns associated with known attacks. This method exploits the fact that some IDS/IPS solutions may not properly reassemble packet fragments for analysis, thereby allowing malicious fragments to pass through undetected.