You manage a 19c database with default optimizer settings.

In this scenario, creating an index and generating frequency histograms are two methods that can potentially improve performance:

A (Correct): Generating frequency histograms on the CITY_ID column can help the optimizer make better decisions regarding the execution plan, especially if the data distribution is skewed. Histograms provide the optimizer with more detailed information about the data distribution in a column, which is particularly useful for columns with non-uniform distributions.

B (Correct): Creating an index on the CITY_ID column would speed up queries that filter on this column, especially if it's used frequently in the WHERE clause as a filter. An index would allow for an index range scan instead of a full table scan, reducing the I/O and time needed to execute such queries.

C (Incorrect): While SQL profiles can be used to improve the performance of specific SQL statements, they are usually not the first choice for such a problem, and creating a profile does not replace the need for proper indexing or statistics.

D (Incorrect): Forcing the subquery to use dynamic sampling might not provide a consistent performance benefit, especially if the table statistics are not representative or are outdated. However, dynamic sampling is not as effective as having accurate statistics and a well-chosen index.

E (Incorrect): Adaptive plans can adjust the execution strategy based on the conditions at runtime. While they can be useful in certain scenarios, in this case, creating an index and ensuring accurate statistics would likely provide a more significant performance improvement.

References:

Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide: Managing Optimizer Statistics

Oracle Database SQL Tuning Guide: Using Indexes and Clusters